Aynaz Samir; Masood Khoshsaligheh ; Khalil Ghazizadeh
Abstract
This qualitative study attempted to determine the approaches of select Iranian translator educators for assessing students’ translation quality. So, a purposive sample of twelve experienced, specialist translator educatorsat major universities across Iran was invited for interviews. ...
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This qualitative study attempted to determine the approaches of select Iranian translator educators for assessing students’ translation quality. So, a purposive sample of twelve experienced, specialist translator educatorsat major universities across Iran was invited for interviews. The analysis of the interview data revealed the approaches they advocated and so applied to assessment of students’ translation quality. The Iranian translator educators’ approaches were then compared and contrasted with distinguished models and approaches to translation assessment. Using the procedure of grounded theory, a method of qualitative data analysis, theinterview data was coded and analyzed. The results showed that there are many similarities and common areas among the translator educators in approaching students’ translation quality assessment. To a great extent, these approaches conform to the approaches and models of translation quality assessment presented by international TQA theorists and that the only difference lies in the degree of importance of the assessment criteria depending on different translation courses, the text type and genre.
Mohammad Ahmadi Safa; Rahimeh Karbakhsh Ravari
Abstract
Speech act analysis, as a significant aspect of discourse analysis and pragmatics, has increasingly drawn the researchers’ attention since John L. Austin (1962) put forward speech act theory, and ever since then, the study of the linguistic structures of speech acts and their functional values ...
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Speech act analysis, as a significant aspect of discourse analysis and pragmatics, has increasingly drawn the researchers’ attention since John L. Austin (1962) put forward speech act theory, and ever since then, the study of the linguistic structures of speech acts and their functional values have been among the key areas of study in speech act analyses. The present study comparatively explored the manifestations and functions of flattery speech acts in Persian and English languages. To do so, flattery instances were identified and extracted form a corpus of 60 Persian speaking and 60 English speaking film scripts. The speech act instances were extracted from different movie genres including social and family, drama, science-fiction, and romance. The movies were produced between the years 2010-2020. A sample of 343 Persian and 228 English flattery instances were extracted and analyzed on the basis of Hymes’s (1967) model. The obtained results indicated that flattery was used in both Persian and English cultures in order to exert positive influence on the addressees. Moreover, in both languages, the act of flattery was done in both formal and informal situations in an attempt to deceive, compliment, praise, and ridicule. In addition, although flattery speech act was found in both formal and informal situations—in the case of Persian language and culture—, its application in informal and private situations was more frequent than in formal situations. Moreover, the frequency of flattery in Persian language and culture was found to be significantly higher than English.
Faezeh Pouryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
Obtaining academic certificates has become important in societies, which, at times, is known as “certificate admiration” in our society. In defining certificate admiration, which is a derivative, compound word, it should be noted that the importance of university education has made many people ...
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Obtaining academic certificates has become important in societies, which, at times, is known as “certificate admiration” in our society. In defining certificate admiration, which is a derivative, compound word, it should be noted that the importance of university education has made many people consider certificates as an advantage for a person to achieve their desired goals, including promoting their career and social status. Obtaining a degree can facilitate marriage and guarantee the happiness of the people around us, including parents. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, degrees and skills are of paramount importance in choosing a job. The present inquiry attempts to examine and analyze mainstream discourses, which are rooted in Persian culture and are associated with certificate admiration among individuals of different ages; hence, the concept of “Cultuling” is introduced here. This coined term consists of language and culture, i.e., “culture in language”, representing people’s culture and the science relevant to its study is called “Culturology of Language”. Following the existing studies on “Cultuling”, the present study draws on Hymes’ SPEAKING model. Simply put, attempts were made to analyze cultuling of certificate admiration in Persian language discourses in the framework of the Hymes’ model. For this purpose, 150 conversations belonging to individuals were examined and explored according to their economic status, age, education, and their employment status. The conversations took place in public and private places and formal and informal settings. The corpus was gathered from 95 female and 55 males and representatives from Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad, Neishabur, Sabzevar), Golestan (Gorgan), South Khorasan (Tabas), Kerman (Sirjan), East Azarbaijan (Tabriz) and Tehran (Pakdasht) provinces. The majority of the participants were from Mashhad and associated cities and a handful of the participants were from other provinces. The results showed that individuals in Persian culture are engaged in conversation with people on certificate admiration so as to follow these purposes, among other things, gaining knowledge, competing, showing off, gaining social status and a better job, and being respected and approved by people. It seems that there is often a confrontation between a degree and a skill, but both are complementary in the end. Therefore, in a healthy culture, both concepts can positively contribute to the individual’s success. The two should be valued and used together to promote healthy thinking, generate better ideas, and lead a life with more awareness.
Shahriyar Mansouri
Abstract
Samuel Beckett’s efforts in dismantling anthropocentrism has ushered a new chapter not only in his oeuvre, which debunks the cliché binary of Man Vs nature, but in the postmodern look at ontology; his negative perspective introduces the man as a hollow body that neither seeks an aggressive ...
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Samuel Beckett’s efforts in dismantling anthropocentrism has ushered a new chapter not only in his oeuvre, which debunks the cliché binary of Man Vs nature, but in the postmodern look at ontology; his negative perspective introduces the man as a hollow body that neither seeks an aggressive independence nor includes a progressive cognitive dominance: the Beckettian man is nothing more than an empty shell. The characters in his plays, too, either lack a perception of the surrounding objects or surprisingly enough see themselves equal to such objects. Beckett’s dramatically negative perception of modern man can be explained as follows: first, the object has left its Heideggerian utilitarian cocoon, and thus cavorts as an object independent of man’s cognitive realm of confirmation; and second, the fall of man from his cognitive throne and into an abyss of stasis reaffirms the former hypothesis. Such a radical shift in his ontological attitude that can best be explained in light of the postmodern philosophy of object-oriented ontology hints at one alarming concept: a holistic ontological effort to reinvent the object as an equal existing entity to man. By debunking the Anthropos as the epicenter of existence, Beckett crafts new layers of being wherein the Hegelian-Nietzschean Übermensche or the creative Leibnizian Monads emerge as the notable absentees; the reality Beckett portrays is founded on the availability or lack thereof of an equal reciprocity between objects and the subject. By examining Beckett’s Act Without Words I and Graham Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology, this essay explores and challenges the fruits of Beckett’s misanthropic reading of the modern man that lends itself to postmodern reversal of the traditional subject Vs. object binary opposition.
Elham Sadat Mousavi; Mahmoud Reza Gashmardi
Abstract
Interdisciplinary research is becoming increasingly important in academia. Language teaching has also an interdisciplinary nature, and modern theories can be applied for better development of language teaching. The present descriptive study has been conducted on the application of chaos theory to French ...
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Interdisciplinary research is becoming increasingly important in academia. Language teaching has also an interdisciplinary nature, and modern theories can be applied for better development of language teaching. The present descriptive study has been conducted on the application of chaos theory to French language teaching in Iran. Two research questions motived this study, namely, how teaching French language can be defined in light of chaos/complexity theory and how chaos/complexity theory can constructively contribute to the development of French language teaching in Iran. First, the principles of chaos/complexity theory were nailed down and their application in language teaching was examined. To investigate to what extent the theory can be applied to foreign language teaching in Iran, fifteen French language classes in language institutes located in Tehran were observed. The results showed that recent approaches of language teaching cover some principles of the chaos/complexity theory, including complexity, dynamics and nonlinear approach in French language classrooms. However, the Iranian system of French language class remains a closed and predictable system that has a negative impact on class performance. Additionally, to properly apply this theory to the language classroom, measures should be taken to raise awareness of education systems and educators of dynamics, flexibility, and sensitivity of the language classroom.
Translation Studies
Ebrahim Ezzati Larsari; Hamid Ghasemi; Behnam Asheghi
Abstract
The present research investigated the reports of wrestling reporters to present a specific model for translating conceptual metaphors. This study was qualitative and corpus-based. To this end, 20 reports from the World Wrestling Cup series in 2022 were randomly selected and analyzed through linguistic-based ...
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The present research investigated the reports of wrestling reporters to present a specific model for translating conceptual metaphors. This study was qualitative and corpus-based. To this end, 20 reports from the World Wrestling Cup series in 2022 were randomly selected and analyzed through linguistic-based content analysis. The analysis showed that metaphors constituted more than 8% of the reports on average. Therefore, the most frequent metaphorical sentences in these reports were identified and finally, a specific context-oriented translation model for conceptual metaphors was developed for wrestling sports reports. Considering the importance of accurate translation to find the most relevant concept in the target language, and also considering that many researchers regard metaphor translation as the most challenging problem of translation, the specific context-oriented translation model for conceptual metaphors was designed and introduced for sports reports, especially wrestling.
Nosrat Hejazi; Roya Shirin
Abstract
Translation of movies, telecasts and any other audiovisual product is associated with special procedures and techniques which become more challengeable and complex when facing the culture and cultural elements. Due to the fact that the translator who writes the subtitles is confronted with myriads of ...
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Translation of movies, telecasts and any other audiovisual product is associated with special procedures and techniques which become more challengeable and complex when facing the culture and cultural elements. Due to the fact that the translator who writes the subtitles is confronted with myriads of technological restrictions, linguistics requirements and stylistic challenges, the question arises as follows: are subtitles essentially able to reproduce or duplicate the cultural elements? For studying the modalities of the transfer of the cultural messages from the original text (oral statements in Farsi) to the translated formats (subtitles in French) we have proposed a descriptivo-analytic approach applied on a case study. After giving a brief definition and an outlook of the concept, we move toward the possibility or impossibility of transferring cultural elements via the classification of cultural elements furnished by the Polish ethno-cultural theoreticians. Once the classifications are laid out, the analytical study of cultural elements in French subtitles of the “In the Eye of the Wind”, will be implemented. The results will lead us to the initial question: Translatability or untranslatability of cultural elements and the way by which they will be perceived by the audience.
Parina Ghomi; Farzaneh Farahzad
Abstract
The present article draws on Ghomi and Farahzad’s (2020) model of renarration in audiovisual translation to explore different types of reframings effected in the interlingual dubbing of animated films broadcast on Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. Given that audiovisual narratives are of multimodal ...
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The present article draws on Ghomi and Farahzad’s (2020) model of renarration in audiovisual translation to explore different types of reframings effected in the interlingual dubbing of animated films broadcast on Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. Given that audiovisual narratives are of multimodal nature and involve nonverbal sites as well as verbal sites, they provide audiovisual translators and audiovisual translation institutes with more opportunities to reframe the target narrative. Therefore, Ghomi and Farahzad’s (2020) Multimodal Narrative Analysis is used to compare and contrast original and dubbed animations at the micro-level of verbal and nonverbal sites. The results of the study revealed 15 types of reframings that participated in the construction of reality in the target animations. They were categorized under 3 groups of reframing through selective appropriation, reframing through labelling and reframing through repositioning characters. Temporal and spatial reframing was found to be underlying all types of reframing. The study concludes that Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting has an active role in constructing reality in the target language and uses translation as a tool for accentuating or undermining certain narratives in the target animated films.
Hassan Soodmand Afshar; Rozhin Ghaslani; Behrooz Kalantari
Abstract
This study set out to investigate the similarities and differences in frequency of incidence and type of hedging devices used in research articles written by Iranian and non-Iranian writers. For the purposes of the study, a corpus including 40 agriculture articles in English (20 written by Iranian and ...
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This study set out to investigate the similarities and differences in frequency of incidence and type of hedging devices used in research articles written by Iranian and non-Iranian writers. For the purposes of the study, a corpus including 40 agriculture articles in English (20 written by Iranian and 20 by non-Iranian writers) were selected. Collection and classification of the hedging devices in the introduction and discussion sections of agriculture articles were based on the hedging taxonomy suggested by Salager-Meyer (1994).The data collected were analyzed through SPSS by means of frequency analysis and Chi-square tests. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference between the frequency of incidence of hedging devices in the introduction and discussion sections of agriculture research articles written by Iranian and non-Iranian writers published in international journals. Also, an interview was conducted with 32 Iranian university professors and writers of Agricultural English to shed more light on the findings of corpus analysis and to explore why Iranians used hedging devices less frequently. The content analysis of the interviews revealed that lack of conscious knowledge of Iranian writers of such devices as well as the existence of linguistic and cultural differences between the two groups of writers were reportedly the prime causes why Iranian writers used hedging devices less frequently.
Alireza Amraee; Akbar Hesabi; Abbas Eslami Rasekh
Abstract
Although translators are a major group of users of bilingual dictionaries, they have been regarded by lexicographers as identical to other users and their needs have been largely neglected. Over the recent years, the development of translator dictionaries has become an important trend in both theory ...
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Although translators are a major group of users of bilingual dictionaries, they have been regarded by lexicographers as identical to other users and their needs have been largely neglected. Over the recent years, the development of translator dictionaries has become an important trend in both theory and practice. In this context, the present paper reports on a study to compile a bilingual dictionary of Persian and English in the field of road transportation with an emphasis on translators as the main audience. This dictionary is based on a bilingual comparable corpus which was annotated using semantic frames. A user interface was then designed to search the database with several options including meaning-oriented, as opposed to alphabetic, search. This provides translators facing an increasingly transforming job profile with another route to access more natural ways of expressing a concept in the target language. In the end, the results of this project are discussed in the context of translation-oriented lexicography.
Alireza Rasti
Abstract
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as an institute with (inter)national remit, whose policies and plans could have far-reaching consequences not only in linguistic domains but also in social and political ones, must be regularly subjected to internal and external evaluation. The resultant ...
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The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as an institute with (inter)national remit, whose policies and plans could have far-reaching consequences not only in linguistic domains but also in social and political ones, must be regularly subjected to internal and external evaluation. The resultant feedback could then contribute to its maximal efficiency. In keeping with this, and having adopted an advocacy-participatory approach, and having applied some principles and concepts from the interdisciplinary Language Policy and Planning to the mechanism involved in the performance of the institute and especially its word-formation processes, the present study has set out to not only lay bare the inadequacies inherent in its functioning but also draw more increasingly the Persian Language policy-makers' attention to them. Using qualitative documentary analysis, the researcher sought to critically, as required of an advocacy-participatory stance, examine and analyze the Academy's linear process of language policy. The findings indicate that the Academy, in its functioning, (un)consciously has assumed a positivistic and stagist standpoint likely to cause the resistance of language agents in various levels and domains of the Iranian pluralistic society. Another finding of the investigation is a lack of recognition of a conflict of interest among the various actors involved in language policy in the documentary data analyzed. Moreover, the adoption of an elitist stance, especially on the issue of word formation, has led to a lack of recognition of the native speaker's linguistic intuition as an invaluable resource for helping with the selection, use, and acceptability of neologisms in Persian.
Zahra Taheri
Abstract
This article focuses on the notions of ‘derealization’ and ‘violence’ to discuss the status of the racial ‘other’ in The Nickel Boys (2019), the acclaimed work of African-American writer, Colson Whitehead, from the perspective of new left thinkers and critics. Drawing ...
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This article focuses on the notions of ‘derealization’ and ‘violence’ to discuss the status of the racial ‘other’ in The Nickel Boys (2019), the acclaimed work of African-American writer, Colson Whitehead, from the perspective of new left thinkers and critics. Drawing on the views of Butler and Slovej Žižek, this paper argues why the United States of America, despite its democratic claims, has been torn by apartheid. To this end, the notions of ‘subjective’ violence, ‘objective’ violence, and ‘grief’ are discussed to depict such strategies as derealization which were deployed against the racial ‘other’ to eliminate him gradually from American society. It is argued that with the emergence of the ‘biopolitical’ structure and its focus on the management of the body, the hierarchy of ‘us and them’ was not done away with. On the contrary, it just replaced the old strategy of ethnic cleansing with a panopticon one which managed the racial ‘other’ by ‘derealizing’ and, thus, reducing him into a ghostly figure of ungrievable life who would be vanished soon. It can be drawn that in this system, the racial ‘other’ stands somewhere between death and life leading an Agambian ‘bare life’ of liminality in which he is treated as less than human.
Roya Letafati; Bita Akbari
Abstract
1. IntroductionIn this paper, the problems underlying the translation of mystical texts will be discussed. More specifically, the book ‘Abhar al- ‘ashiqin (Loyal Lovers’ Jasmines) written by Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi (1128-1209), an important mystique sufi poet and a famous Persian philosopher, ...
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1. IntroductionIn this paper, the problems underlying the translation of mystical texts will be discussed. More specifically, the book ‘Abhar al- ‘ashiqin (Loyal Lovers’ Jasmines) written by Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi (1128-1209), an important mystique sufi poet and a famous Persian philosopher, and its translated version by Henri Corbin (1903-1978), a French philosopher, translator and orientalist, are selected as our sources of investigation. Abhar al- ‘ashiqin (Loyal Lovers’ Jasmines) is a poetic text that not only leads us to a better comprehension of Iranian soul and studies, in particular, sufism, but also offers a good source for examining problems concerning translation of mystical documents because this book has been translated in various languages including French. 1. In general, Mysticism is full of images. In order to explain them we need a large quantity of language features, including style figures, allegories, metaphors, comparison, images, or descriptions which make abstract meanings clearer to understand.2. Mystical text is a type of imaginative text and the translator has to translate this imaginative text to another language, and that is exactly the difficult point.3. A professional translator of mystical texts should be familir with mystical texts’ particularities, mystical terminology, the metaphors, the comparisons, the special conventions of mystical texts, different models of mystic imaginational world and surely a personality in harmony with these texts.The main goal of this text is to analyze the problems a translator face while translating mystical texts or poems; the rhetoric, lexical, sociocultural, stylistic skills which are necessary in his work. So in this text as we read translation of Baqli’s work, we will analyze the difficulties of this type of texts.2. Methodology For better understanding the subject, first, we are going to give a description and a definition of mysticism and anything necessary for well understanding the mystical atmosphere. Then we will present the author of the source book, Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi and the translator Henry Corbin, This work is considered as a descriptive, comparative and analytic research. After that, we present the mystical texts’ particularities and the translator’s necessary skills, and then we will analyze the corpus. 3. DiscussionIf we compare mystical texts’ translations and other types of translations, we understand that the loss of words and definition and the complexity of this genre of text is more than all other types. This is because of the origins of mystical texts which come from a direct and immediate experience with endless spiritual principles. Sometimes the origins are from unusual experiences of ecstasy, levitations or visions. The most difficult problem that we faced during this research was finding proper equivalents for specialized words which exist in this field. Finding the explicit and implicit sense of words, phrases and metaphors is a time consuming activity for the translator and this difficulty can sometimes make the text untranslatable; no need to say the translator has used elongation in many parts for translating a word or a phrase.4. ConclusionAfter studying the translation of "Abhar-al-asheghin" we find that translating mystical texts is a very difficult work to do, which requires deep empathy of the translator with this type of text.The translator of mystical texts should gain different skills like all other professional translators. These skills contain sufficient proficiency in cognitive language sources used by today specialists, specific conventions which exist in mystical texts as well as terminology to be able to adapt the translation with subjects mentioned by author. But there is no doubt that there are always obstacles such as translation loss, respecting the rhythm of the text, word prolongation, metaphors' translation, repetition and fidelity to the text that the translator faces. The point which has been studied in this article is the study of mystical texts especially rhythmic texts of " Baqli Shirazi 's textes" to see how translatable they are in another language like French. It seems that the mystique translation needs more cognitive try and a complete stock of vocabulary for both languages: The target language and the source language.
Roya Araghian; Behzad Ghonsooly; Afsaneh Ghanizadeh
Abstract
1. IntroductionGiven the role of affective variables in relatively every facet of human life, the research into the function of self-efficacy systems on individuals’ behavior and performance has recently carried much weight for psychologists and educators. Translation as a higher–order cognitive ...
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1. IntroductionGiven the role of affective variables in relatively every facet of human life, the research into the function of self-efficacy systems on individuals’ behavior and performance has recently carried much weight for psychologists and educators. Translation as a higher–order cognitive task is also viewed both as a process of problem-solving strategies and decision making. More specifically, translation competence in PACTE’s TC model encompasses five sub-competences, among which strategic competence is of utmost importance, playing a pivotal role in solving problems and making interrelations between the other sub-competences. All these sub-competences are also connected to the psycho-physiological component, reflecting cognitive and behavioral, and psychomotor mechanisms. Consequently, self-efficacy and problem-solving strategies can make contributions to each other according to this model. Although translation strategies are of essence to translation process, whereby relevant decisions are made, the available literature shows somehow the neglected field of problem-solving strategies in the field of translation. Therefore, this study tries to investigate this relationship and to determine the way and to what extent translators’ self-efficacy influences the complex process of problem-solving and decision making throughout the translation practice. Self-efficacy, the principal notion of Bandura’s social cognitive theory (1997), is defined as the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to manage prospective situations. In fact, self-efficacy plays a significant role in achieving goals, performing tasks, and approaching challenges. What is more, people’s level of motivation, affective states, and actions are based more on what they believe than on what is objectively true. On the other hand, translation strategies are at the core of translation process; every translation entails a certain strategy and each translator possesses a specific one. Actually, translators face multiple constraints at various levels and stages, which require tapping into more effective decision making and problem-solving strategies; and translators’ self-efficacy perceptions may serve a function on the strategies they choose in their performance. 2. MethodologyA total of 76 translation students of Imam Reza International University and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad participated voluntarily in this study. Their selection was based on convenience sampling. The sample was made up of 19 males (25%), 54 females (71%), and 3 non-mentioned (3.9%) whose first language was Persian. Their background education encompassed BA translation studies and literature in English. The primary purpose of the present inquiry was to develop an inventory scale to examine the probable impact of self-efficacy sense of student translators on their translation strategies. In so doing, two inventory scales of Translation Self-efficacy (TSE) and Translation Problem-solving Strategy (TPSS) in English were designed. The selection of scale items for the self-efficacy questionnaire was based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory. The earlier version of the questionnaire was also consulted with two translation specialists for the better improvement and clarity of the scale. The construction of translation problem-solving strategy questionnaire was basically a case of the researchers’ personal experience based on their classroom observation of translation students. However, the main focus was on shared translation strategies which are commonly employed and verbally stated by translation students. Moreover, the earlier version of the scale was consulted with two translation teachers who commented on the items.3. DiscussionStatistical analysis indicated that both scales enjoyed validity and reliability. Upon running an exploratory factor analysis to identify interrelationships among items in the scales, a couple of factors were extracted from both questionnaires. As for TSE, 7 factors were loaded and labeled. They were willingness to translate, motivation enhancement for translating, the ineffectiveness of colleagues’ remedial points on reducing motivation, demotivation in facing problems, positive feeling and translation, and having no fear against translating problems. Along with that, 5 factors were extracted from TPSS and labeled as metacognitive strategy (evaluating and designing strategy), reviewing the text in order to simplify next translating, translating then evaluating, reviewing the text prior to translating, and utilizing dictionaries.In order to examine the relationship between students’ self-efficacy and translation strategy scores, the Pearson-Product Moment formula was used between the loaded factors of both questionnaires. Statistical calculations accounted for a significant relation between the first factor of the TPSS questionnaire (i.e. metacognitive strategy) and the first and second factors of the TSE questionnaire (i.e. willingness to translate and also self-assuredness in ability to translate). What is more, using a dictionary made a modest contribution to the enhancement of motivation. An important implication of these findings is that the translation students who showed no concern or stress in facing translation problems were more qualified in designing and evaluating the relevant strategy in translating practice. It was also derived that the enthusiasm and confidence of students in translating were perceived to be inclining toward the application of metacognitive strategies. It can also be inferred that high-efficacious people compared to low-efficacious ones are cognitively and metacognitively aware of their behavior, trust themselves, and are able to control their demeanor and envisage success or failure.4. ConclusionSumming up the results, self-efficacy’s potentiality in the translation domain is evident in this study, which helped to broaden the insight of such tenet in connection with the application of translation problem-solving strategies. More importantly, the extant literature substantiates the findings of the present study as regards the impact of self-efficacy beliefs on stress, self-confidence, willingness, and motivation; therefore, meticulous recognition of the source, nature, significance, and process of efficacy perceptions serves the merit of proposing and developing practical guidelines on improving training and performance of translation students as well as stimulating translation expertise.
Mahdi Afkhami Nia; Allahshokr Assadollahi; Naimeh Karimlou
Abstract
Nathalie Sarraute is one of the pioneers of the new novel in France. In all of Sarraute's works, there is a kind of linguistic disorder and confusion, rooted in indescribable feelings. This feeling is the equivalent of a phenomenon called tropism. Sarraute borrowed the term from biology and defined it ...
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Nathalie Sarraute is one of the pioneers of the new novel in France. In all of Sarraute's works, there is a kind of linguistic disorder and confusion, rooted in indescribable feelings. This feeling is the equivalent of a phenomenon called tropism. Sarraute borrowed the term from biology and defined it as indefinable movements, which slide very rapidly to the limits of our consciousness. They are at the origin of our gestures, of our words, and of the feelings we manifest, we believe to experience. For Sarraute, language, besides the outer part—the apparent part of the message— has an inner part that has not yet reached the stage of message production. This interior part corresponds to the uncertain movements to which Sarraute refers in the definition of tropism. The verbal disturbances in Sarraute’s text are due to the existence of the same outlaw and uncontrollable inner language, which is much more powerful than conventional and external language. In fact, surrendering to outer and conventional language guides the desire to be social and communicable to others, but the problem of the characters exists in their inability to transfer feelings perfectly in the form of normal and external language. Their inner language is so powerful that it affects the outer language and disturbs it. In this article, we examine briefly a number of communication problems caused by the tension of the inner language in the words of the characters.
Language Education
Mohammad Khoorsand; Ghasem Modarresi
Abstract
The present study, adopting a mixed-methods design, mainly aims at determining the possible predictors of EFL students’ academic achievement in teachers’ emotions and stroke, and exploring the students’ perspective of the role of teachers’ emotions and stroke in their academic ...
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The present study, adopting a mixed-methods design, mainly aims at determining the possible predictors of EFL students’ academic achievement in teachers’ emotions and stroke, and exploring the students’ perspective of the role of teachers’ emotions and stroke in their academic achievement. In so doing, a number of 232 BA English-major students were selected to participate in this study based on convenient sampling and six students were participated in the qualitative phase based on data saturation. The obtained results from Pearson Correlation Coefficient showed that there was a statistically significant association between teachers’ emotions, stroke and academic achievement. Furthermore, the results of Multiple Regression revealed that the best predictor of academic achievement was teachers’ emotions. Finally, after determining the inter-rater agreement and inter-rater reliability of the data, the results emerged from the students’ responses offered 11 common codes. At the end, some practical implications are offered for EFL students and teachers.
Language Education
Reza Pishghadam; Shima Ebrahimi
Abstract
Considering the rapid progress of technology in the fields of cognition, robotics, and artificial intelligence, as well as the abundance and easy access to educational materials in cyberspace, traditional education no longer meets the actual needs of society. Informal education has overcome formal education ...
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Considering the rapid progress of technology in the fields of cognition, robotics, and artificial intelligence, as well as the abundance and easy access to educational materials in cyberspace, traditional education no longer meets the actual needs of society. Informal education has overcome formal education by placing a greater emphasis on techniques and skills. In this article, two types of education were introduced: a) Mindsetting education (including mind-filling education and mind-developing education) and b) Brainsetting education (including brain-exercising education and brain-generating education). The first relates to thinking and thoughts, and the second is knowledge and skills. In fact, with the advent of intelligent educational systems, there has been a shift from soft, mental, and human approaches to more hard, cerebral, and machine approaches, which teachers and educational specialists need to consider.
Somaye Delzendehrooy; Helen Ouliaeinia
Abstract
In discussing the notion of style, whether in literary or linguistic studies, we are in fact referring to the author's language habits. That is why we can assign each writer a particular style and call that style in the name of its author, for example, Shakespearian, Joycean, or Woolfian style. Given ...
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In discussing the notion of style, whether in literary or linguistic studies, we are in fact referring to the author's language habits. That is why we can assign each writer a particular style and call that style in the name of its author, for example, Shakespearian, Joycean, or Woolfian style. Given that modality and the repetitive use of modal verbs and adverbs is a determinant factor for the fictional universe represented by Virginia Woolf’s The Waves, this study aims to examine what the Persian translators do with these terms and whether their choices contribute to a change in the fictional universe represented in the texts and change the ‘feel’ of the text. To this end Virginia Woolf’s The Waves and its two Persian translations, one by Daryoush (1977) خیزابها and the other by Najafipour (1990) امواج, are selected and Bosseaux’s model (2004), based on Simpson’s model of a grammar of modality (1997) is chosen to see how the translators handle certain modals. The results showed that modality, i.e. the personal obligations, negative shading, possibilities, capacities and abilities of the focalizing characters are less emphasized in the translations than in the original but Daryoush translates them more systematically than Najafipour.
Elham Fazel Haghpanah; Masood Khoshsaligheh
Abstract
The current qualitative research was an attempt to discover the reasons that led to the interest in watching Korean films and TV series among Iranian audiences as well as making fan-produced subtitles for these products. To this end, 26 select participants (20 women and 6 men) who have been active in ...
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The current qualitative research was an attempt to discover the reasons that led to the interest in watching Korean films and TV series among Iranian audiences as well as making fan-produced subtitles for these products. To this end, 26 select participants (20 women and 6 men) who have been active in translating and subtitling Korean films and TV series in Iran were qualitatively interviewed. Observational data also were collected by the researchers in the fansubbing Iranian atmosphere. As for the data analysis, grounded theory procedure was mainly used. Participants ranged from 14 to 45 years of age and have been working as a fansubber from one to ten years. The academic background of the majority of these fansubbers was in engineering or natural sciences. According to the results, these Iranian fansubbers are keen enthusiasts of Korean culture and cinematic fiction. They state that their interest in Korean audiovisual fiction is due to a wide range of shared cultural similarities between the two nations as opposed to the western culture. They also point to the non-physical sexuality of the Korean films and series that seem to have an appeal to the Iranian public audiences. The Iranian audiences are also interested in use of the best and the most advanced cinematography technologies as well as the eastern color and philosophy in the Korean television products. Iranian fansubbers proport to intended to help their Persian speaking friends and fellow-enthusiasts to access these foreign language films and TV series so as to enjoy watching such programs. In addition, they also feel motivated to support their favorite Korean film actors as well as their work.
Zahra Taheri
Abstract
This article focuses on the ‘rhizosphere’ in Charles Winslow’s (2019) In West Mills. Deploying Deleuze and Guattari’s views as well as Foucault’s, this study discusses how the notions of ‘schizoid’, ‘nomad’, ‘deterritorialization’ and ...
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This article focuses on the ‘rhizosphere’ in Charles Winslow’s (2019) In West Mills. Deploying Deleuze and Guattari’s views as well as Foucault’s, this study discusses how the notions of ‘schizoid’, ‘nomad’, ‘deterritorialization’ and ‘re-territorialization’ can pave the way for the emergence of a new kind of literature known as ‘minority literature’. Furthermore, it is discussed how cultural geography can be redefined by challenging the oedipal mechanism of power and replacing it with an anti-oedipal ‘machine’. To this end, notions of ‘heterotopia’, ‘body without organs’ and ‘lines of flight’ have been discussed. It is argued that for Winslow to upset the hierarchical discourse of liberalism, first the arborescent (hierarchical) system of family, as liberalism’s first controlling agent, should be challenged. Afterward, other binary oppositions are unsettled. The outcome will be the replacement of the universal liberal system with ‘micropolitics’ and rhizomatic systems which can accomplish a truer version of democracy.
Gholam Reza Tajvidi; Parvaneh Maazallahi
Abstract
1. IntroductionThe time period between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. has been considered as a momentous time span characterized by political upheavals and the appearance of diverse political tendencies in the contemporary history of Iran. In this regard, translators as social agents who were ...
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1. IntroductionThe time period between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. has been considered as a momentous time span characterized by political upheavals and the appearance of diverse political tendencies in the contemporary history of Iran. In this regard, translators as social agents who were strongly interconnected with social contexts drew influences from these political upheavals and tendencies, on the one hand, and affected them, on the other hand. Deposition of Reza Shah in the beginning of 1320sS.H./ 1940sA.D. And also coup d’état in 1332S.H./ 1953A.D. Had tremendous repercussions in both social space and cultural productions in a way that different fields of activity like publication were transformed and profoundly impacted upon practices of translators as cultural producers who were situated within such a field. 2. Theoretical Framework To investigate translators’ behavior as situated in the publication field during a twenty-five-year time span between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. the present study heavily relied on the theory of sociology of cultural productions as formulated by Pierre Bourdieu in 1979. In this regard, habitus and field as two key concepts of this theory had been adopted to shed light on the influences drawn from developments in the field of publication by translators. In other words, publication field was remolded as a field endowed with hierarchical order, autonomy, social reproduction, and constant struggle in accordance with how Bourdieu conceptualizes formation of a given field. Meanwhile, translators’ behavior was reframed based on the concept of habitus as being subordinate to the field of publication, on the one hand, and contributory to the field of cultural production, on the other hand. Consequently, structured and structuring aspects of habitus, as emphasized by Bourdieu, were brought to the fore. It merits attention that political events like the oust of Reza Shah, establishment and dissolution of Toode party, and coup d’état in 1332S.H. /1953A.D. were formulated with respect to the concept of the field of power which dominated any other fields of practice as publication and cultural productions.3. MethodologyThis study falls into the category of conceptual studies, because it focuses on better understanding of the concept of translatorial habitus in relation to the field of publication. Furthermore, documentary analysis as a research method which is widely applied in sociological studies has been concentrated on to analyze the research data. Concerning this, archival data like interviews done with eminent translators and editors pursuing translation and editing career during the specified time period as well as documents and historical evidence have been consulted with. Meanwhile, bibliography of translated books presented in the specified time period was specially taken into account. Apart from these, different historical information concerning sociohistorical ambience of the time period under study was taken up to elaborate on the field of power as the first level of a Bourdieu Sian analysis. Then, the influences of the field of power upon the field of cultural production were brought to the fore. Afterwards, the subfield of book publication as situated within the field of cultural production subordinate to the field of power was analyzed with respect to four functioning mechanisms underlying the formation of a given field. As the last level, the ever-changing structure of the subfield of book publication was related to the translators’ behavior from the lens of translatorial professional habitus.4. Results and DiscussionThe reign of Pahlavi II culminated with development of the field of cultural production due to the freedom provided for journalists, publishers, and other cultural producers as translators. With respect to the field of publication, the change of the foreign language recognized as the state’s second language from French to English, technological improvements on printing, removal of censorship and surveillance on published materials, increase of literate individuals, etc. contributed to some changes in the field of publication. However, unfavorable economic conditions as well as ascendancy of journals and newspapers hindered the progress of book publication subfield from an ill-formed field of practice to an autonomous one. Consequently, translatorial habitus drawn meager influences from this field, rather, dominated it in terms of what cultural productions were offered to the marketplace as well as how they were produced. However, coup d’état in 1332S.H./1953A.D. brought up dramatic changes in the field of power which focused on the alteration of the field of cultural production in accordance with an acculturation policy based on which Russian socialist culture was to be substituted with American culture. Such an acculturation policy which was strictly pursued by the regime ended in establishment of state run publication institutes like Incorporation of Translation and Publication of Books and Franklin Institute during 1330s S.H./1950s A.D. It merits attention that the former was patronized by Pahlavi Foundation and the latter was financially supported by the American government. Due to the initiatives made by such institutes, the subfield of book publication was codified and transformed to an autonomous well-structured subfield. Consequently, translators lost their dominant position in this subfield and their habitus turned to a more regulated one. 5. Conclusions and SuggestionsThis study has pointed to the conclusion that translation practice is subordinate to the ambience of the field of power, in the first place, and to the field in which translators are situated, in the second place. Hence, as the field of power provides opportunities for the formation of well-structured fields, translatorial habitus orients towards further submission to the given fields. However, in ill-formed fields of practice which are devoid of codification processes as conceptualized by Bourdieu, translators are endowed with a dominant translatorial habitus. In the case of publication field under study, it appears that development of publication field from an ill-formed field of practice to a well-structured one brought about considerable changes in translatorial habitus, because translators’ behavior was regulated based on new requirements, and translators were placed in a dominated position as compared with publishers. In line with this, eminent publishers enjoyed the privilege of choosing works to translate and also controlling the quality of translation products. Meanwhile, developments of the field of publication heavily relied on the improvements made in the field of cultural production.
Roya Letafati; Nafiseh Alipour
Abstract
It is through language and translation as the important elements which animate the lives of different human societies that we come to know our culture and know the world. We can never neglect the exchange and cultural development as the result of the translation. We try to do a search about the translation ...
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It is through language and translation as the important elements which animate the lives of different human societies that we come to know our culture and know the world. We can never neglect the exchange and cultural development as the result of the translation. We try to do a search about the translation in the field of the interjections. An interjection is a word category invariable, allowing the speaking subject, express spontaneous emotion (joy, anger, surprise, sadness, admiration, pain, etc.) . If the interjection does not deserve a specific treatment of grammar, it plays a very clear role in the transmission of meaning. That is why translation is difficult and important. As corpus, we chose The Little Prince and the translations made by Shamlou and Nadjafi Ghazi. We also try to analyze the examples to compare and find the qualities of each translation.
Behrouz Ahmadzadeh Bayani
Abstract
1. IntroductionAlthough The Catcher in the Rye has already been translated into Persian by four translators including Ahmad Karimi Hakak (1966), Mohammad Najafi (1998), Zahra Zolghadr (2010), and Araz Barseghian (2014), who have taken different approaches to the art dialectic set forth by Walter Benjamin ...
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1. IntroductionAlthough The Catcher in the Rye has already been translated into Persian by four translators including Ahmad Karimi Hakak (1966), Mohammad Najafi (1998), Zahra Zolghadr (2010), and Araz Barseghian (2014), who have taken different approaches to the art dialectic set forth by Walter Benjamin and Theodore Adorno. According to Benjamin (1923), a good literary translation goes beyond simple transfer of the message. The contradiction between the tone of narration and character has made its translation difficult as a puzzling artistic work. The translators have a complicated job to preserve the multiaspectuality of the main character, his internal sensations and the contradiction between his age and his consciousness in narration. Theoritians believe in the importance of keeping the contradiction between form and meaning as a potential artistic force to affect and upgrade Target Language culture, while saving the independence of its art dialectic. Theodore Adorno’s theory of Negative Dialectic (1966) and Walter Benjamin’s Reproductive Art Machine (1936) were applied to excavate and survey different strategies in literary translations of The Catcher in the Rye. 2. MethodologyThis essay applied two comparative approaches to literary translation. First, Benjamin’s (1936) and Adorno’s (1966) theories on art dialectic were compared with each other; secondly, different ideologies of three Farsi translators of The Catcher in the Rye were compared with each other. The researcher respectively analyzed and described different viewpoints of the two thinkers in order to find out some scales in preserving the artistic dialectic of a literary work through the process of translation. The researcher focused on three aspects of the three translations: tone, structure and translators’ interpretations. 3. DiscussionDifferent Persian translations of Salinger’s masterpiece were respectively analyzed according to Walter Benjamin’s Reproductive Art Machine and Theodore Adorno’s Negative Dialectic. Benjamin (1923) suggested interlinear interpretations in order to reproduce meaning and save the Source Language sense, while Adorno (2002) looked for the interpretation of meaning in artistic works through an objective way. In other words, Benjamin (1923) wanted to raise the readers’ consciousness by emphasizing the dynamic meaning of the text, but Adorno (1982) represents the critical aspect of an artistic text by emphasizing its independency from people’s mind. The analysis of narrative tone, structural cohesion, and various interpretations of the Persian translators are accompanied with some examples.Moreover, the ideology of The Catcher in the Rye was compared to the translators’ ideology about the social function of art. In fact, Holden’s negative attitude toward the school of rich families and their positivist educational system has implication to Adorno’s negative dialectic (1966) which criticizes the capitalist domain on cultural issues, specifically in 1950s. In this way, Najafi (1998) is successful to depict the protagonist’s critical approach to capitalist signs of prosperity such as: Cadilac, alcoholic drinks and opposite sex, while Barseghian (1984) uses the word “learning” for capitalist values which unexpectedly has a positive attitude and does not reveal Holden’s anti-capitalism. So, Najafi’s translation applies a delicate wording and tone which provides a more comprehensible picture of Salinger’s artistic characterization of Holden as an obstinate teenager with the dynamic shift to a catcher or a guard for children in a chaotic society. In this way, Hakak (1966), as the first Persian translator, applied a less informal language for Holden’s discordant character. Najafi (1998) was yet more successful in revealing the dialectic aspect of Holden’s character using an insulting language for the teenager. In fact, Hakak (1966) had a specific concern for people’s cultural sensitivities in the Iranian traditional society as he avoided taboos (Azardashti, 2013). Hakak (1966) puts emphasis on using a mostly literal format of translation which implied his structural accordance with social norms of Iran in the 1970s. Najafi (1998) also preserved the SL structure, but he paid more attention to the rebellious tone of the protagonist. He had a remarkable approach to save the dialectic of the novel regarding its anti-capitalist tendencies. Barseghian (2014) applied more fluent sentences than Hakak (1966), but he was more conservative in the translation of taboos which could cause censorship. Altogether, the styles of the three translators are different from each other because they have done their translations in different socio-political eras, and they have different viewpoints in making a comparison between Iranian and American societies. Hakak (1966) was not successful in keeping the protesting tone of Holden, as he finally depicted a depressed boy at the end of his translation, while Najafi’s (1998) Holden had an active protesting voice (Rostami, 2013).4. ConclusionIranian translators should pay great attention to the preservation of the art dialectic in their literary translations. Tone of narration, structural cohesion, and interpretations of the translators such as footnotes can be used to arrange form and content. In other words, translators should use various linguistic tools to reveal the contradictions between reality and imagination in a literary work. According to Benjamin (1923), a literary work should generate meaning in other cultures, while according to Adorno (2002), art and literary works are independent from the logic of industrialization.
Mohammad Sadegh Kenevisi; Elham Rajab Dori
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the preference of non-Iranian (Western) audience of Iranian films towards the subtitling of food names in the films. To extract the food names as well as to analyze the subtitling techniques applied in translating the names, a corpus of 30 Iranian films and their official ...
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This study aims at investigating the preference of non-Iranian (Western) audience of Iranian films towards the subtitling of food names in the films. To extract the food names as well as to analyze the subtitling techniques applied in translating the names, a corpus of 30 Iranian films and their official English subtitles are scrutinized. In addition, in order to find out the preference of the subjects, a questionnaire is developed and distributed to 223 non-Iranian viewers of the films. Venuti's (1995 / 2008) theory of invisibility and the concepts of domestication and foreignization are applied in analyzing the audience's preference. The results of the study show a domesticating preference in subtitling food names in the films. Conversely, the subjects of the study preferred a foreignized approach in the subtitling of the food name. Hence, a foreignized approach in subtitling food names is the recommended strategy. Foreignized strategies are not only in line with the audience's preference, they can lead to a mutual and cultural dialogue between Iranian culture and Western culture in the unbalanced power relations in the current world.
Shahram Delshad; Seyyed Mehdi Masboogh
Abstract
1. Introductionsince the early hegira centuries up to the contemporary era “One Thousand and One Nights” stories have been translated into Arabic. During this period we have been confronted with a great many of the translators doing translation jobs from various source languages into different ...
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1. Introductionsince the early hegira centuries up to the contemporary era “One Thousand and One Nights” stories have been translated into Arabic. During this period we have been confronted with a great many of the translators doing translation jobs from various source languages into different target languages, thus we are bearing witness to the imposition of variegated tastes and styles into the translations presented of the book. This has resulted in full eradication of the original version, the numerosity of the copies and the substanital discrepancies in the equivalents offered of the story book. The similarity between the basic foundation of the translations put forth by Tesuji and Eghlidi and Mar’ashipur (published by Bulaq institution in Egypt) provides an appropriate and suitable grouding for the research into the way these three translators have made a connection with the original text. Ommission is considered as one of the important indices by means of which one can deal with the criticism of a translation work based on the theory proposed by Jean Rene Ladmiral, the French target language-oriented theorist. Such a process in the translation operation happens due to cultural, linguistic, stylistic, etc requirements. The current research paper is trying to evaluate the ommission process in three subject matters of “the expressions of love”, “the translation of the poems” and “the translation of the Arabic-Islamic signs”in the Persian translations presented for the story book “ألف لیلة ولیلة” meaning “One Thousand and One Nights”.2. Theoretical FrameworkOne of the most important issues discussed by Jean Rene Ladmiral, target language-oriented theorist, which is the second most significant topic dealt with in the book written by Ladmiral, is “entropy” meaning “loss of information or compaction” and it is suggested to the translator as opposing redundancy by Ladmiral. Quite contrary to redundancy, there are cases in which the semantic implied via the use of source wording is seen as less important or even unessential. Therefore, a translator can ignore or should ignore translating them in some of the cases. Not only redundancy but also entropy, defined as unavailable parts in a system, basically mean gradual loss of information which can also be traced in the signified level. In the signifier level, it is sometimes allowed to lighten the text which is recognized as being redundant and verbiage, if such a redundancy can be realized as unified with nonverbal language habits and gestures and it will be better if it can be made incongruent therewith (Mohseni, 2009: 244). Such an issue stems from the translator’s target language-centeredness and it is noteworthy to say that the source language-oriented theorists disagree by all means with the entropy. 3. Study MethodologyThe study methodolgy adopted by the curent research paper is a descriptive-analytical one and the authors try to deal with the process of entropy (ommissions) in the persian translation of “One Thousand and One Nights” (translated by Tesuji, Eghlidi and Mar’ashipur) in three different areas (expressions of love, poem translation, Islamic and Arabic signs). The present study has been laid upon the formulations posited in Ladmiral’s theory.4. Study Findings and DiscussionMost of the omissions in “One Thousand and One Nights” translations pertain to the depiction of the expressions of love. Even there are cases in some of the Arabic versions which are found as being inconsistent with the nobility and decency and hence omitted due to substantial oppositions demonstrated by the jurisprudents and the clergymen. Persian translators each have chosen to take on an independent route but very close to one another. The first translator, Tesuji, tries to express the meanings and semantics of the love expressions somehow in an ambiguous and unveiled manner and avoids transfering the details. Eghlidi as a result of choosing to adopt a source language-oriented translation in rendering of the story “One Thousand and One Nights” advances further inside the realm of transfering the details and providing in-depth descriptions of the original version. Mar’ashipur transfers such expressions of love out of staying loyal to the source language text and there are a few omissions observable in his rendering of the story. Regarding the criticism of the translations presented for the poems recited in “ألف لیله ولیله”, an Arabic rendering of the title of the book “One Thousand and One Nights”, it is worth mentioning that since the poems presented therein are not enumerated in general as active elements of advancing the narration and the plot of the story omitting them from the context does not expose the translation work to any suffering. But holding such a view regarding the poems cannot be generalized and applied to the entire book; since, occasionally, poems play a critical and effective part in the narration’s evolution. Tesuji generally falls short of providing equivalent translations for the poems and whatever is left of the translation of the poems in his rendering of the story book belongs to the literary works performed by his poet colleague, Sorush Isfahani. It is noteworthy that Sorush has not translated the poems, except for a few cases; rather poems from the Persian poets have been substituted for the Arabic poems of the story book through adhering to the contextual contents’ commonalities. But Eghlidi, except for a few cases of taking advantage of the translations made by the other poets, has done about ninety percent of the extant poems’ translations through offering a poetic and literal word-for-word Persian equivalent. Mar’ashipur has carried out a similar but a lot more difficult work the same as Tesuji has performed. While the task of translating and replacing the poems has been assigned to Sorush in Tesuji’s rendering of the story book, Mar’ashipur himself has achived this goal. It has to be stated that Mar’ashipur’s performance in contrast to what has been carried out by Sorush lacks elegance and accuracy and many of the translations of the poems are found disproportionate to the narration. Tesuji more than Eghlidi and Mar’ashipur more than Eghlidi has resorted to some entropies which are figured out as being resulted from cultural features and in some of the cases he has tried to mitigate the domination of elements such as Arabic environment and rituals which are inset as patches on the book.5. ConclusionA great many of the omissions in persian translations are related to Tesuji’s and Mar’ashipur’s unduly free and target-oriented approach in their renderings, unlike Eghlidi who has been bound to the main text and has less resorted to omissions. Through takig advantage of the omission process in the translation, Tesuji has been able to reduce the redundancies and boring and weary repetitions and provide the reader with a text more compact than the main text and this is why his translations seems more attractive. Also, reducing and decreasing the mass of the poems have made the book pruned of the numerous poems which cause a slackness in the narration of the story and therefore would otherwise result in tiredness and distantness of the readers of the main course of the story. Of course, occassionally, the lack of correct understanding of the redundancies in the translation presented by Tesuji appears damaging the method of story-telling and style of the book. Being loyal to the main text, Eghlidi has imported repetitions and redundants which seem to have been derived out of the prescribers’ false understanding of the main text and the oral style of the book and he is found falling short of dealing with garnishing the text. Also, the one hundred percent transfer of the poems to the target language without taking advantage of ommission and even reducing the poems by Eghlidi has made such poems to every now and then appear weak and annoying and this has caused his translation to look less legible and coherently less beautiful.
