Reza Pishghadam; Shima Ebrahimi
Abstract
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature is the regulatory body for preserving the Persian language and its orthography, trying to protect the Persian language from fragmentation and possible related dangers. As the name implies, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is expected to focus ...
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The Academy of Persian Language and Literature is the regulatory body for preserving the Persian language and its orthography, trying to protect the Persian language from fragmentation and possible related dangers. As the name implies, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is expected to focus on culture and identity as well. Notwithstanding this expectation, the goals, duties and performance of the academy suggest that its main focus is on its lexical and linguistic functions. It goes without saying that culture and language are inextricably linked; therefore, when you speak of language, you cannot overlook the role of culture. The present paper introduces the new concept of cultulinguia, meaning an arena for displaying cultulings (the culture within the language). Along with the academy, cultulinguia can play an effective role. The academy appears to have a top-down, power-oriented, prescriptive, monophonic, and word-centered approach, with a strong focus on the form of the word than meaning. Consequently, people may not be interested in using these words as they become exvolved in such words. Cultulinguia, in contrast, follows a bottom-up approach, which is people-oriented, descriptive, polyphonic and culture-oriented, meaning that all people within the society can constructively contribute to it. Additionally, cultulinguia tries to achieve the culture hidden in the language by focusing on cultulings and paves the way for cultural excellence by replacing defective cultural memes. Through this, people become more involved in cultulings and the views of the majority of people are taken into account when it comes to make a decision. This should be noted that the academy and the cultulinguia act like two wings for the linguistic and cultural excellence of the given society and they can complement each other and meaningfully contribute to linguistic and cultural planning.
Ali Derakhshan
Abstract
The interconnectedness of language and culture has attracted the attention of scholars in philosophy, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and applied linguistics. In this regard, inspired by the ideas of Halliday (1975, 1994), Vygotsky (1978, 1986), and Sapir and Whorf (1956), which imply the relationship ...
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The interconnectedness of language and culture has attracted the attention of scholars in philosophy, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, and applied linguistics. In this regard, inspired by the ideas of Halliday (1975, 1994), Vygotsky (1978, 1986), and Sapir and Whorf (1956), which imply the relationship among culture, thought, and language, Pishghadam (2013) introduced the concept of “Cultuling”. He postulated that investigating and identifying the cultulings of each society not only can pave the way for the faster detection of right and wrong cultural behaviors but also can facilitate the cultural reforms which lead to linguistic excellence and “Euculturing”. Due to the prime importance of identifying and investigating cultulings, several studies have analyzed them; nonetheless, no systematic research has been conducted to synthesize the cultuling studies. Therefore, in the present study, the theoretical frameworks, the corpora, and the findings of all cultuling studies were scrutinized. The results suggest that the majority of cultuling studies have embarked on the data by reviewing the linguistic structures and expressions that occur in natural situations and have used the Hymes’s (1967) SPEAKING model to analyze these expressions. The findings also indicate that few studies have analyzed textual cultulings. Moreover, no empirical study has been conducted to evaluate textbooks based on cultulings. Finally, based on the results and findings of this review, some avenues for future studies are provided.
Masoumeh Mehrbi; Behrooz Mahmoodi Bakhtiari
Abstract
Given the significance of cultural considerations and cultural categories in determining appropriate translation equivalents, this paper discusses the cultuling of ‘insult’ based on Iraj Pezeshkzad’s My Uncle Napoleon translated by Dick Davis into English and the original Persian version ...
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Given the significance of cultural considerations and cultural categories in determining appropriate translation equivalents, this paper discusses the cultuling of ‘insult’ based on Iraj Pezeshkzad’s My Uncle Napoleon translated by Dick Davis into English and the original Persian version of the novel where there can be found so many linguistic segments containing or conveying insulting connotations. Cultuling refers to those pieces of language which are the manifestation of cultural concepts since language is the representation of culture, and it is also bounded by culture. The investigation of insults just like cursing and swearing are common issues in language and culture, especially when considered in two languages. That is the real motive for conducting the present inquiry, and more importantly, perfect translation needs cultural knowledge. As for the research methodology, Del Hymes’s (1967) SPEAKING model as a discourse/ qualitative method as well as frequency effects as the quantitative method were employed. Applying this methodology, the speakers’ motivation for the use of insults is found in this culture. Moreover, the cultural differences leading to and manifested in linguistic differences are discussed. Meanwhile, strategies for appropriate equivalents were laid out. The results are of use and value for the entrenchment of the cognitive-cultural views of translation studies as well as socio-cultural studies of linguistic issues. The data analysis shows that these insults form around the pivotal centers of animals, body part, human characteristics, personality traits, human behavior, dignity, honor, reputation, originality and dependence to family. The results show that sexual(nāmūsi) insults are more frequent for which the cultural explanations were offered.
Faezeh Pouryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
Obtaining academic certificates has become important in societies, which, at times, is known as “certificate admiration” in our society. In defining certificate admiration, which is a derivative, compound word, it should be noted that the importance of university education has made many people ...
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Obtaining academic certificates has become important in societies, which, at times, is known as “certificate admiration” in our society. In defining certificate admiration, which is a derivative, compound word, it should be noted that the importance of university education has made many people consider certificates as an advantage for a person to achieve their desired goals, including promoting their career and social status. Obtaining a degree can facilitate marriage and guarantee the happiness of the people around us, including parents. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, degrees and skills are of paramount importance in choosing a job. The present inquiry attempts to examine and analyze mainstream discourses, which are rooted in Persian culture and are associated with certificate admiration among individuals of different ages; hence, the concept of “Cultuling” is introduced here. This coined term consists of language and culture, i.e., “culture in language”, representing people’s culture and the science relevant to its study is called “Culturology of Language”. Following the existing studies on “Cultuling”, the present study draws on Hymes’ SPEAKING model. Simply put, attempts were made to analyze cultuling of certificate admiration in Persian language discourses in the framework of the Hymes’ model. For this purpose, 150 conversations belonging to individuals were examined and explored according to their economic status, age, education, and their employment status. The conversations took place in public and private places and formal and informal settings. The corpus was gathered from 95 female and 55 males and representatives from Khorasan Razavi (Mashhad, Neishabur, Sabzevar), Golestan (Gorgan), South Khorasan (Tabas), Kerman (Sirjan), East Azarbaijan (Tabriz) and Tehran (Pakdasht) provinces. The majority of the participants were from Mashhad and associated cities and a handful of the participants were from other provinces. The results showed that individuals in Persian culture are engaged in conversation with people on certificate admiration so as to follow these purposes, among other things, gaining knowledge, competing, showing off, gaining social status and a better job, and being respected and approved by people. It seems that there is often a confrontation between a degree and a skill, but both are complementary in the end. Therefore, in a healthy culture, both concepts can positively contribute to the individual’s success. The two should be valued and used together to promote healthy thinking, generate better ideas, and lead a life with more awareness.
Reza Pishghadam; Shima Ebrahimi
Abstract
Effective communication can be considered as a social process reflected in lexical chains. In fact, speaking can be considered as a communicative mediator which hinges on the speaker’s linguistic competence, but if the aim of a given dialogue is to have a more effective communication, one should ...
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Effective communication can be considered as a social process reflected in lexical chains. In fact, speaking can be considered as a communicative mediator which hinges on the speaker’s linguistic competence, but if the aim of a given dialogue is to have a more effective communication, one should move beyond the speaker’s subliminal intentions. The present study, therefore, tries to examine the influence of “postlocution” as a level beyond communicative competence, and attempts to introduce “brainling” based on brain structures. This model considers language as a tool for behavioral changes and developments, and offers the four concepts of cogling (cognition in language), emoling (emotions in language), cultuling (culture in language), and sensoling (senses in language). The proposed model can be used to portray a different and more comprehensive picture of brain’s macro functions, which is useful for a better and more effective communication. From this perspective, in addition to paying attention to self-oriented language, a dialogue should take other-oriented language into consideration, and individuals should attend to both communicative competence and linguo-therapeutic competence (language for a better life).
