Mohammad Reza Farsian; Fatemeh Ghasemi Arian
Abstract
Folk literature is an important and considerable part of folklore which is transmitted orally from generation to generation, and their careful collection and analysis can shed some light on life in tribes and nations around the world. In fact, these images are national treasures that build the social ...
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Folk literature is an important and considerable part of folklore which is transmitted orally from generation to generation, and their careful collection and analysis can shed some light on life in tribes and nations around the world. In fact, these images are national treasures that build the social imagination of people. Hence, European travel memoirs are a representative of Iranian folk literature and they have been an important topic of research in comparative literature. This is because travel memoirs reflect the culture and society of “the other” wherein one we can find manifestations of folk literature in the form of frozen images such as national and intercultural stereotypes and clichés. To this end, we examined Henry Rene D'Allemagne’s travel memoirs. His works include numerus elements of folk literature, compared to his French contemporaries. This paper follows a descriptive-analytic method and tries to figure out how folk literature represents itself Henry Rene D'Allemagne’s travel memoir and how the traveler’s ideology plays a pivotal role in this representation. To analyze images of Iranian folk literature in Henry Rene D'Allemagne’s travel memoir From Khorasan to Bakhtiari in light of imagology. The results of this study showed that the images in the travel memoir reflect Persian folk literature, folk poetry, discourses, titles, and anecdotes. This suggests the importance of Persian language and literature among Iranians and Europeans and indicates how Iranian culture has traveled through folktales.
Asieh Rad; Mohammad Reza Farsian; Samira Bameshki
Abstract
Simone de Beauvoir and Simin Daneshvar are pioneers of women's writing and activists of women's rights in France and Iran. In their writings, both authors are engaged in offering an account of the status of women and the role they play in their societies. In their writings, they called for full-fledged ...
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Simone de Beauvoir and Simin Daneshvar are pioneers of women's writing and activists of women's rights in France and Iran. In their writings, both authors are engaged in offering an account of the status of women and the role they play in their societies. In their writings, they called for full-fledged gender equality in their societies. They are, therefore, in the public spotlight. Additionally, they are considered committed authors among their contemporaries due to their political and social works. The similarities between two authors’ writings, along with the influences they might have exerted on each other, may offer fertile grounds for comparative research. It is not surprising that the authors have produced similar and relevant writings in a related area and this similarity is probably caused by similar intersubjectivity and socio-historical conditions the authors had. Drawing on imagology—as a branch of comparative literature— the present research is a comparative study of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Blood of Others and Simin Daneshvar’s Savushun as far as the image of World War II is concerned. This comparative analysis suggests that the two authors yielded a different and similar image of the war. Notwithstanding the cultural and geographical distances between the two, the projected image concerns a common goal which is describing the war from political, social and cultural perspectives. The two authors have perfectly drawn the image of war for readers using such images as the fight and social conditions. They condemned the war by projecting negative images of it.
Mohammad Reza Farsian; Nasrin Esmaeili
Abstract
1. IntroductionOne of the ways through which the holy Quran attempts to convey various messages is repetition; this may hold true for a single word, a phrase, or a sentence. The holy Quran was revealed to the Prophet gradually during 23 years. Consequently, it was necessary for a number of phrases and ...
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1. IntroductionOne of the ways through which the holy Quran attempts to convey various messages is repetition; this may hold true for a single word, a phrase, or a sentence. The holy Quran was revealed to the Prophet gradually during 23 years. Consequently, it was necessary for a number of phrases and anecdotes to be repeated in order to guide and nurture people. This demonstrates the fact that Quran is not merely a history book in which an event is described only once and then neglected for the rest of the book, but it is a book of education and humanization; as it is perfectly known that certain events ought to be repeated again and again, given the educational conditions, by looking at subjects through various dimensions and reaching conclusions in every direction. In other words, education sometimes requires reliance on an important matter for a number of times in order to induce a profound impact on the readers’ minds and orient the minds towards more subjects.Of the highly repeated phrases in Quran, “بسمالله الرحمن الرحیم” has been mentioned over 114 times. It has been repeated 113 times at the beginning of 113 surahs, and once in “Naml” surah at the beginning of Solomon’s letter to Belcais. Given the similar appearance of this phrase throughout Quran, one may consider a same meaning and interpretation for the phrase; however, it can also be interpreted according to where it is used in Quran as well as its subsequent verses.2. Methodology Following the analysis of the phrase in Quran in this study, 10 accessible translations of the phrase were examined using the descriptive-analytical method with reference to valid interpretations in order to identify the suitable translation. Ultimately, several recommendations were provided for the correct translation of the phrase.3. Discussion In fact, “بسمالله الرحمن الرحیم” is a part of each surah and is in compliance with its contents. As each surah includes a theme different with others, “بسمالله الرحمن الرحیم” then conveys a different meaning in each of the surahs. Undoubtedly, the purpose of each surah is different from the others, and the purpose remains the same to the end of that surah. As a result, this phrase in each surah denotes the very single intention that is followed in such a surah. Taking into account the significance of the phrase as well as the fact that it contains the Almighty’s name, we should translate the Quran through proper means so as to convey its true meaning to the reader. In this study, 10 French translations of this phrase were analyzed. It was revealed that the translators had only transferred the formal meaning of the words and failed to transfer their true meanings. Consequently, it is essential to examine the meaning of the words in this phrase in order to provide a proper platform for a profound understanding of its true meaning, so that a suitable equivalent could be found in French.4. ConclusionBased on the results of the current study, the researchers have proposed the following recommendations for translating this phrase:Though the phrase consists of only four words, its translation to another language is considerably difficult; in this regard, none of the ten selected translators had been able to offer a correct translation and failed to correctly convey its meaning. These translators could have referred to interpretation books so as to decode such Quranic words and then attempted to transfer their meanings to French. This could have resulted in fewer mistakes in transferring Quranic notions, at least by specifying the semantic difference between the two adjectives, “raḥmān” and “raḥīm”.A sole fluency over Arabic and French is not a sufficient qualification for translation as the translators have to fully comprehend Quranic words and phrases prior to any attempt for translation; doing so requires translators’ complete familiarity with the Quranic language along with using Hadith and narratives in cases where the words are vague or ambiguous.In these ten translations of the phrase, “بسمالله الرحمن الرحیم”, it was observed that the translators had only paid attention to the formal meaning of the words, selecting equivalents that failed to transfer the true meaning of the verse. Subsequently, it would have been better if they had considered such words through a more scrupulous perspective, searching for their hidden meanings as well. Nonetheless, this requires a collective attempt for translation.A more suitable and uniform translation of the phrase could have been provided if there were unvarying, proper dictionaries in the area of translating Islamic texts, specially the holly Quran. The absence of such books has led to the emergence of various translations of a single phrase, as the majority of translators act according to their ideological orientations. Such ideological perspectives of translators could easily be identified through a closer look at their chosen equivalents. For instance, Chouraqui had attempted to use equivalent terms with Hebrew origins in order to translate the words of the phrase. As the Hebrew language belongs to the Jewish community, it can be inferred that he was unable to disregard his ideologies which had affected his selection of words.
Mohammad Reza Farsian; Sara Javanmardi
Abstract
1. IntroductionFrench is one of the Roman languages and it is the second most modern language in the world. Now in Iran, French is the most popular language for people to learn after English (Barazesh, 1388﴿. Considering the significant range of academic and non-academic French language teaching practices ...
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1. IntroductionFrench is one of the Roman languages and it is the second most modern language in the world. Now in Iran, French is the most popular language for people to learn after English (Barazesh, 1388﴿. Considering the significant range of academic and non-academic French language teaching practices in Iran, we aimed to study the extent to which Iranian learners make errors while using articles. Furthermore, the causes of errors among Iranian learners in the process of using articles were investigated. As article is one of the challenging issues in learning French, Iranian language learners face major problems learning it.According to previous research, the similarity of elements in the structure of mother tongue and second language can play an important and influential role in learning a second language (Parvizi, 1391). French language and Persian language are structurally different. The existence of differences in the structure of these two languages has resulted in cognitive difficulties in the process of learning French as a foreign language (Parvizi, 1391). Among the structural differences between French language and Persian language, we can mention the existence of articles in French grammar. In the process of learning French, most Iranian language learners have problems using articles. There is no concept in Persian language structure called “Articles” as in French. The high percentage of errors made by Persian language learners in recognition and proper use of articles led us to conduct a research in this field. In this research, we first sought to identify the errors of learners in the use of articles. In the second step, our goal was to find out the causes of these errors and provide solutions for avoiding them.2. MethodTo investigate the causes of errors in applying articles among French language learners, causal statistical analysis was utilized in the current study. The participants of this study were Iranian learners. In order to collect the data, quota sampling which is a non-random method was utilized. The participants were chosen based on two criteria. The first criterion was gender (male or female) and the second one was learners' level of knowledge (elementary, intermediate and advanced). Statistical analysis was carried out using inferential statistics based on the collected data from a grammar test. In these grammar tests, the participants were asked to answer questions that were designed to evaluate their use of articles. Then, completed grammar tests by the learners, with the correct and incorrect use of the articles, and the obtained statistical information were presented in separate tables and charts.3. DiscussionThe results of the study demonstrated that 57.5% of respondents responded incorrectly and only 42.5% of them responded correctly. The use of articles is sometimes confusing for Iranian language learners since articles must match the noun followed by them in French. Moreover, in Persian, the concept of article does not exist as it does in French. As a general rule, all nouns come with an article in French, unless preceded by a determinant, such as a possessive adjective or an attributive adjective. Moreover, in certain cases, in accordance with the rules of French language, removal of the article is required.In French, articles are divided into four categories. The findings of the research revealed that the percentage of errors among Iranian learners is significant in the use of articles. These errors included grammatical errors and semantic errors. 4. ConclusionThe results of this study revealed that Iranian learners face major problems in the use of articles. In order to solve these problems, learners should create an accurate and clear picture of the articles from the very beginning. If learners have a clear picture of the role of articles with the help of a creative teacher from the very beginning, then, by practicing the use of these linguistic elements, they can convey these concepts with fewer errors. On the other hand, the role of educational resources should not be ignored. In fact, the educational resources available to French learners are limited to simple and marginal explanations and exercises regarding articles. Finally, it should be noted that most errors in the application of articles originally stem from the negative impact of the mother tongue, and they sometimes are due to interference of the mother tongue with the target language. These errors may occur because of learners’ lack of knowledge to comply with rules or ignorance of some grammatical points that lead to mistaken use of articles.
Nasrin Esmaeili; Mohammad reza Farsian; Hamid reza Shairi
Abstract
1. IntroductionSemio-semantics is the study of language that begins with a sign but focuses on the meaning often based on the relationship between two language plans (i.e. the forms of expression and content). Accordingly, neither sign nor meaning can be effective without each other. As the sign justifies ...
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1. IntroductionSemio-semantics is the study of language that begins with a sign but focuses on the meaning often based on the relationship between two language plans (i.e. the forms of expression and content). Accordingly, neither sign nor meaning can be effective without each other. As the sign justifies the presence of meaning, meaning also makes the presence of the sign efficient, effective, and necessary, and the sign, by being in the process-system, produces meaning, a meaning that is not frozen or static because the process in which signs are located are dynamic and inexhaustible.One of the concepts in linguistics and in the semantic investigations is polysemy which refers to multiple meanings of a word. It is believed that there is a relationship between multiple meanings of a word. Linguistic signs are rarely monosemous. Except for scientific terms, many terms have multiple meanings which are determined according to the context they appear in. Polysemy is a concept introduced at the end of the previous century by Bréal (1897) to describe words that kept their old meaning besides a new meaning. To understand the correct meaning of a polysemy, context should be used. Context is a network of relationships that exist between form (grammar and lexis) and the outside world, and forms the referential meaning of the language. Besides context, paying attention to the adjacent units (co-text) may also help the recipient to understand the meaning better, especially in cases in which a word has multiple meanings or its meaning is not clear. 2. MethodologyIn the Holy Qur'an, the semantic topic is also of great importance because most of the Quran's words have several meanings, indicating the aesthetic richness of this sacred text. The presence of several meanings in the Qur'an leads to a variety of discursive dimensions, which means that this phenomenon changes the path of discourse and causes three types of discourse with functional, cognitive, and emotional-existential characteristics. Moreover, this phenomenon causes ambiguity for the reader and especially for the translator of the Quran. Each verse has been revealed due to a particular situation and a specific purpose. The Holy Qur'an is a narration devoted to a particular discourse system, based on which the sender drives the process of the discourse. The course of narration goes as well along with the goals of that system. In this study, after mentioning the dominant discourse of Qur'an, the two words "Zikr" (verse 9 of Surah Al-Jumu'a) and "Khayr" (verse 30 of Surah An-Nahl), which are two words of the Quran with multiple meanings, were analyzed semiotically according to the context and co-texts to understand the exact meanings of the words in the verses. Afterwards, the equivalents chosen by seven French translators including Masson, Savary, Chouraqui, Berque, Grosjean, Blachère, and Kasimirski were analysed, and then, a new translation was presented. In the end, the study tried to find an answer to the question how the Qur'an’s translator can transfer the verbal content to the audience in the same relative allegiance to the source text. 3. DiscussionIn this study, it was found that the seven French translators mentioned above did not succeed in translating the words "Zikr" and "Khayr" because they only sufficed to the form of the words and did not seek the their inner meaning. To understand the Qur'an and its vocabulary as a sacred text without any distortion, one must consider two factors of context and co-text simultaneously, because the examination of the text of the Qur'an and the determination of the Quran's vocabulary items are very difficult due to the abundance of vocabulary.4. ConclusionTherefore, it was better for the translators to understand the text of the verse by referring to the interpretative books first and, then, they could communicate the bunch of meanings in a word, using the adjacent words. The most appropriate way of translating the Qur'an is group translation where one translates the Qur'an, and the result of his efforts is evaluated by a group specialized in various sciences, including Arabic literature, Qur'anic sciences, linguistics, etc. The possible errors that result from the translator's monograph would be eliminated, thus allowing the transmission of the implicatures to the audience since less common mistakes usually occur in group work.
Mohammad Reza Farsian; Sara Javanmardi
Abstract
1. IntroductionComparative literature is an essentially French science that has formed in the early nineteenth century. This science is a branch of literary criticism that compares and peruses the cultural and literary relations between the nations. This field of literature reviews and analyses the correlation ...
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1. IntroductionComparative literature is an essentially French science that has formed in the early nineteenth century. This science is a branch of literary criticism that compares and peruses the cultural and literary relations between the nations. This field of literature reviews and analyses the correlation and similarities between different nation’s literature and culture. Comparative literature explains the comparative studying and perusing on works which resulted from the different cultural backgrounds. In fact, this science is a means of scrutinizing the worlds’ literature, and it is a hatch to see and hear the people thoughts from every color, race, language and nationality. Consequently, perusing contently and structural similarities between writer’s literary works driving from different cultures and nations is a branch of comparative researches that has been constantly at the center of researchers ‘attention. In this article, we intend to study on a research in this field by having a glance on Victor Hugo and Shapur Gharib’s works. The reason for this choice is that they are too much similar in narrative structure. Actually, we will find out there are similar events in two stories in two western and eastern societies. 2. DiscussionVictor Hugo, the greatest poet and novelist of France in the nineteenth century. Hugo tries to narrate the story and the black fate of an ugly boy who always have a hideous laughter on his face in the novel “The Man Who Laughs”. This novel is narrating the painful and distressful life of a child that is handicapped by the kids trader and seems always laughing by a wound on his face. Shapur Gharib, contemporary Iranian writer and director, recounting the story of an ugly girl's misery in the novel Ozra Landuke”. Both stories are narrating the story of humans who are not good looking, those who has been humiliated and teased by others due to their flaws in the appearance while they are repleted with honesty, purity, humanity and love . They are unattractive in appearance but beautiful inside. It should be noted that, in addition to substantive similarity between the two stories, there can be seen relationship and similarities in the narrative structure. Narrative structure of the two stories has also been perused in this article. Character and characterization, subject and theme, plot, narrative angle, the type of conversations, time, space and colors are of the items that have been scrutinized in two stories structures. There are resemblance among the characters in the novels “The Man Who Laughs” and Azra Landuke. Goinplein, Dia and Ozra. Sometimes Ozra takes the role of Goinplein and sometimes resembles to Dia during the story. It should be mentioned that “The Man Who Laughs” is written in novel structure while “Azra Landuke” is in short story structure and characterization in short stories is easier and more limited. In addition to the common theme, there can also be seen similar purporst in both stories. Face inelegance, the beauty of soul, humanity, eternal love, kindness, poverty, misery disadvantaged class, disappointment, regret, pain, suffering and death are the common themes of the story. But the narrative and attitude of the two stories are different. In “The Man Who Laughs” the story is based on the intellect or omniscient point of view, while in Gharib’s story, it is quoted by an extraneous and unimportant character. In the novel “The Man Who Laughs”, short conversation and authors’ language is the predominant language, Language and expression that belong to the France nineteenth-century literature. There are short talks in” Ozra landuke” as well but they reflect the opinions and thoughts of characters who has slangy language. Time and space are obvious in “The Man Who Laughs”. The story occurs in the early eighteenth century during the aristocracy dominion in England. While the place and time is not specified in “Ozra landuke”. It is the same patrician mansion that Ozra is its maid.3. ConclusionThe novel “The Man Who Laughs” and Ozra Landuke are similar in different aspects such as characterization and structure, theme, subject and plot. However, attitude, narrative and dialogue type are differences in the two stories. In this paper, we have observed several structural and substantive similarities between the two works. In fact, the two authors utilized the same means to reflect the bitter reality in human life. People from two different territories have equal fears, concerns and issues, and are facing similar crises and turmoil. Though there is no exact information about Gharibs’ relation with French language, literature and writers, the similarity between two stories is insofar as that the thought that Gharib was effected by the western writers and literary events just like his contemporary Iranian authors is not too far-fetched.
Mohammad Reza Farsian; Mahshid Jafarzadeh
Abstract
1. IntroductionGustave Flaubert, the leader of realism and the modern novel, is an influential French novelist. It should be noted that the careful attention in choosing the words distinguishes his style from other writers. His biggest concern in life is social problems. His masterpiece Madame Bovary ...
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1. IntroductionGustave Flaubert, the leader of realism and the modern novel, is an influential French novelist. It should be noted that the careful attention in choosing the words distinguishes his style from other writers. His biggest concern in life is social problems. His masterpiece Madame Bovary is a novel which influences many famous romans. Although some of his works have been translated into Persian, these works have been translated again and again which means his works have the important place in Persian literature. This article will attempt to examine the position of the author, his work, and his influence on Persian writers and their styles.2. Theoretical FrameworkGustave Flaubert is are a list, social and political writer. Flaubert loved literature when he was a young boy. He started writing and created some books that became masterpieces. These were often fanciful stories with the theme of autobiography (autobiography) (i.e. Asmar[Smarh]). His interest in writing history was influenced by his teacher in high school. He went to Paris to study legal rights after completing high school at the age of 18. Death of his father, sister, and his passionate love of Mrs. Eliza Schlesinger (Elisa Schlésinger) influenced his esprit because he did not forget it. That is why his novels are the mirror of his life. Elisa Schlesinger inspired works such as Diary of a madman (Mémoires d'un Fou) (which depicts mystical love), November (Novembre) (which tells the love of land and physical love), and Sentimental Education (L'Éducation sentimentale). He always detested the bourgeois class. He attacked bourgeois type with the character of Homais (Homais) in Madame Bovary (Madame Bovary).The collection of his works can be divided into three categories: the first category is anti quityi son which Salammbô (Salammbô) and Hrvdya (Hérodias) reflect. The second category of works of art such as the legend of St. Julian (La légende de Saint Julienl' Hospitalier) and third category is fictional works such as the Temptation of Saint Antoine (La Tentation de Saint Antoine). At first glance, a kind of contradiction is evident in Flaubert’s work; however ,there is one thing in common behind these different works, and that is the beauty of art.Realistic styles, literary arrays, the structure of rich sentences and deep psychological analyzes illustrate the features of his writing. Deep Flaubert’s thoughts influenced the worldview of the other great writers and writing styles .In writing Madame Bovary, Flaubert opens new windows to realism. Throughout this book, Madame Bovary, the blame against romanticism is evident. Despite the fact that Flaubert inherited his writing style, words, and songs from Romantics, finally he concluded that he should harness the power of his imagination. This article describes the researches on translations of his works too.3. MethodologyIn this article ,first we intend to introduce Flaubert and realism school and we consider their impact on Persian literature. In doing so, the East impact on Flaubert and his writing techniques are examined. Then, the history of translation, its evolution, and the factors involved in translations are exhibited. This article attempts to survey all of the Flaubert’s translations as far as possible.4. Results& DiscussionThere is no doubt that a lot of research on Gustave Flaubert and his work has be end one. We sometimes encounter more than 10 different translations of his novels. Despite the fact that Flaubert is one of the world's great authors, his books were translated into Farsi very late; however, this issue can also be very beneficial. It is important that the translators have their own styles. 5. Conclusions& SuggestionsGustave Flaubert is one of the greatest novelists. Flaubert's careful choice of words and figure of speech is unique and clearly shows the excessive obsession of Flaubert in the creation of a literary work. Translations of western writers altered the writing style and fiction in Iran so that the role of other writers out shines that of Flaubert. However, Flaubert’s work could not be successful (in Iran). Like Balzac the folk did not pay attention to his masterpieces; however, Madame Bovary gained big success among Iranians, and his books were translated into Farsi one after another.
Mohammad Reza Farsian; Fahimeh Valian; Gholam Reza Kazemi
Abstract
Rend is, according to Hafiz, a superior or perfect man. In his Divan (collection of poems), Rend is defined as a person who has a paradoxical character in his manifestation and a moderate one inwardly. Rend is neither exorbitant nor negligent. In view of Andre Gide, Hafiz was a perfect artist worthy ...
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Rend is, according to Hafiz, a superior or perfect man. In his Divan (collection of poems), Rend is defined as a person who has a paradoxical character in his manifestation and a moderate one inwardly. Rend is neither exorbitant nor negligent. In view of Andre Gide, Hafiz was a perfect artist worthy to be followed. Gide,like Hafiz, was in search of high honor. He wished the Fruits of Earth to be considered like Hafiz’sDivan as an epistle of honor. Gide being in harmony with Hafiz, imagined his Rend in the body of Menalc.The common features between Rend and Menalc were investigated in Hafiz’sghazals and Gide’s works. To aim this, first, using an analytical approach based on comparative literature, a definition and a brief analysis of Rend and its features have been studied to compare Hafiz’sRend and Gide’sMenalc. Giving examples of these two and finding their common thoughts, the effect of Hafiz on Gide has been shown.
